More particularly, the β-catenin pathway (Wnt signaling pathway), which regulates cell proliferation, and differentiation and can potentially lead to carcinogenesis, is significantly modified by vitronectin, lactadherin, and integrin-a/b that are embedded in CCA-derived EVs, leading to the overexpression of β-catenin. The gene discussed is VTN; the disease is cholangiocarcinoma.