VEGFA and neoplasm: In the HNSCC milieu, chemokines such as chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL)3, CCL4, CCL5, and monocyte colony-stimulating factor (MCSF), as well as VEGF, IL-10, IL-4, and IL-13, are secreted to attract macrophages into the tumor and skew them towards the M2 phenotype.