CAV1 and liver dysplastic nodule: In terms of pharmacological activity research, Sal ameliorated DN through modulation of the TXNIP/NLRP3 [22], Akt/GSK-3β [36], Wnt/β-catenin [37], ERK1/2 phosphorylation [38], Src/Cav-1 [39], and AMPK/Sirt1 [40] pathways, demonstrating multi-target therapeutic effects.