VEGF directly inhibits the development, trafficking and recruitment of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the maturation of dendritic cells [9,10,11,12,13] and promotes the proliferation and TME infiltration of immunosuppressive cells, including regulatory T cells (T-regs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumour-associated macrophages [14,15,16]. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is neoplasm.