IL2 and cancer: These immunotherapies include immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4 inhibitors) that enhance T-cell activity, cancer vaccines (e.g., HPV vaccine, personalized neoantigen vaccines) that stimulate immune responses, and cytokine therapy (e.g., IL-2, IFN-α) that boosts immune cell function or the use of genetically modified T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T Cell Therapy) [39].