Biomarkers such as serum creatinine and cystatin C provide valuable insights into glomerular filtration rate (GFR), while urinary markers like neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) are critical for assessing tubular injury and predicting CKD progression [18,19,20]. Here, LCN2 is linked to chronic kidney disease.