INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Table 2 shows the extracted and analyzed median glycated hemoglobin concentrations and as percentages of the three groups, while the FBG concentration values are expressed in mean. Plasma insulin was measured, with Figure 1 displaying the measured insulin concentrations. The results show that there was no significant change in insulin concentration between the PD and NPD groups. Conversely, there was a significant increase in the insulin concentration in the T2D group compared to both the NPD (p < 0.0001) and PD groups (p = 0.0003).