NFKB1 and infection: In the current study, we demonstrated that old murine BMMs exhibited an abnormal immune response to infection with the oral pathogens Aa or Pg, including a delayed activation of NF-κB, PI3K, and MAPK protein kinases, an enhanced CD38 expression, and a reduced NAD+ expression compared with the controls in young murine BMMs (Figure 1 and Figure 2A,B).