TGFB1 and melanoma: In this pathological setting, melanoma cells exploit TGF-β signaling to suppress the production of key immunomodulatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, VEPH1, and INF-γ, and to alter regulatory pathways including Notch1, IL-6, and ERK/MAPK, ultimately promoting an immunologically inert microenvironment [93,94,95].