The effects of ASBP-AHS and ASBP-AHF on inflammation-associated markers were evaluated by assessing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression via immunohistochemical staining and histological score (H-score) analysis. The gene discussed is PTGS2; the disease is mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 4a.