Several genetic variants have been associated with non-smoking COPD, including single nucleotide polymorphisms in ADAM33, IL-1RN, IL-1B, IL-6, TNF-α, SOD2, CAT, and AQP5, with certain ADAM33 variants specifically linked to non-smokers, indicating distinct risk profiles [82]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.