Notably, in a recently published Polish study of patients with GPA who were predominantly PR3-ANCA positive, no case of ILD was identified at baseline [31], which is consistent with the notion that ILD is more commonly associated with MPO-ANCA-positive AAV rather than PR3-ANCA-positivity, and may also reflect cohort-specific or geographic differences [31]. This evidence concerns the gene MPO and interstitial lung disease.