TNF and colitis: It is also noted that the oral administration of GDVs increases the survival and proliferation of IECs and reduces the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), and increases the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-22) in colitis models, suggesting that GDVs have the potential to reduce damaging factors while promoting the healing effect [74].