GADD45A and neoplasm: These include (1) apoptosis specifically targeting cancer cells (through TRAIL- and caspase-mediated pathways), potentially involving the regulation of ACACA, GADD45a, Bcl-2, and mitochondrial membrane potential; (2) induction of cell cycle arrest at either the S phase or G2/M checkpoint; and (3) reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment, particularly via macrophage polarization regulated through the TLR4-MyD88 signaling axis [51].