TNF and infection: Our study confirms that the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 is induced when C. trachomatis invades the host reproductive system because the main goal of the immune system is to induce or enhance inflammation against chlamydia [118], then inhibit the growth of these microorganisms and control the infection, as well as prevent or slow down the formation of chlamydial lesions.