In colorectal cancer samples, high TGF-β signalling signatures in the stroma were linked to a lack of response to anti-PD-L1 therapy [195], and dual blockade of TGF-β and PD-1/PD-L1 in early clinical investigations showed promise in converting non-T cell-inflamed tumours into inflamed phenotypes [196]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.