While inhibition of autophagy or SMPD1 (through downregulation by miR-16 or additional mechanisms) could enhance tumor immune evasion by reducing antigen presentation and increasing PD-L1 stability [36,37], the broader tumor-suppressive effects of miR-16, including its documented targeting of oncogenes like SOX4 and TP53 [14], and its reduced expression in melanoma patients [13], emphasize its multifaceted role in cancer control. Here, SMPD1 is linked to cancer.