Moreover, the identification of key genes in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIMR), such as IL10RB, INHBB, NEO1, PIK3R1, BCL2, ID4, and INHBA, further underscores the potential of miRNA-based therapies to enhance the efficacy of ICB treatments in HNC, providing a new direction for improving clinical outcomes in patients with this challenging cancer. This evidence concerns the gene NEO1 and neoplasm.