CTLA4 and neoplasm: Administering immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as anti-PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) or combined anti-PD-1/CTLA-4 (nivolumab/ipilimumab) in the neoadjuvant settings allows early activation of tumor-specific T cells while the tumor is still present, providing a broader repertoire of antigens to stimulate a more robust and durable immune response [12].