TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Yao and colleagues (2022) demonstrated that, in chronic inflammatory conditions, such as obesity, there is an increase in arginase-1 expression in visceral adipose tissue, accompanied by elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-10, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1, along with reduced NO bioavailability and consequent vascular dysfunction [60].