TLR4 participate in Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagocytosis by macrophages in vitro [63], so it could likewise participate in the phagocytosis of extracellular bacteria released during the lysis of heavily infected macrophages in MAP-associated granulomas, as proposed in a recent immunohistochemical analysis of paratuberculosis lesions from naturally infected cattle [13]. Here, TLR4 is linked to Granuloma.