In addition, we also simultaneously analyzed the correlation of USP5 expression with the expression of immunomodulatory molecules and immune cell infiltration (Fig. 2D), and the results showed that highly USP5 expression promotes high expression of relevant immunosuppressive molecules such as PD-L1, PD-1, CTLA4, LAG3 and TIGIT in the tumor microenvironment, which in turn limits anti-tumor immunity. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.