These cell-intrinsic antioxidants are largely regulated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a transcription factor which is often constitutively activated in cancer cells due to mutations in NRF2 itself or its negative regulator Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1 (KEAP1) (Cheung and Vousden, 2022; Gorrini et al, 2013). This evidence concerns the gene KEAP1 and cancer.