PPARGC1A and diabetes mellitus: Recent studies have reported that the AMPK pathway has beneficial effects on diabetes, insulin resistance, diabetic myocardial microvascular injury, and diabetic nephropathy by increasing mitochondrial fusion and reducing mitochondrial fission37–40.This finding converges with evidence that PGC-1α directly promotes MFN2 transcription to enhance mitochondrial fusion31, counteracting DRP1-mediated fission.