TGFB1 and neoplasm: Previous studies have demonstrated that activated stromal TGF‐β signaling encourages CAFs to produce tumor‐promoting cytokines, such as interleukin‐11 (IL‐11), thereby promoting metastasis [18], and also to trigger TGF‐β production, which in turn stimulates TGF‐β‐Smad2/3 signaling in an autocrine fashion and remodeling of the ECM [19].