Furthermore, the heightened functionality of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells in N2G mice facilitates reliable evaluation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4), particularly in settings requiring robust tumor infiltration and T cell activation (Choi et al. 2020; Shultz et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2024). Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.