Targeting TNF-α secretion and expression may offer a promising strategy to slow cardiovascular disease progression, as other inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 not only drives VSMC phenotypic transformation but also correlates strongly with AAA progression, highlighting the need for deeper insight into their mechanisms to identify novel therapeutic targets [118]. Here, CCL2 is linked to triple-A syndrome.