PTGS2 and neoplasm: It has been demonstrated that PTGS2 stabilizes the p120-catenin/β-catenin complex by inhibiting GSK-3β phosphorylation, maintaining E-cadherin membrane localization through a non-canonical pathway, and promoting cluster aggregation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), thereby enhancing their metastatic colonization capacity in an inflammatory microenvironment [24].