CFH is upregulated in IPF tissues and functions as a core diagnostic biomarker linked to immune dysregulation and extracellular matrix remodeling, implicating complement-mediated fibrotic pathways (Liu et al., 2024), and CEBPD-mediated transcriptional reprogramming promotes TGF-β1 overproduction (Lourenço et al., 2020) and lipid metabolic dysregulation (Lai et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene CEBPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.