The primary outcome measures were categorized into the following domains: clinical symptoms (including depression/anxiety, impulsivity, and related psychopathologies), self-injurious behaviors (encompassing frequency/severity and recurrence rates), psychosocial functioning (assessing self-perception and social adaptation), neurophysiological biomarkers (specifically neuroinflammation-associated markers such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and related cytokine profiles), along with other therapeutic-specific parameters (Table 5). Here, TNF is linked to major depressive disorder.