ARTN and epilepsy: GDNF and its receptor are expressed in the pyramidal and granule cells of the hippocampus, and a link has been found between the neurotrophic factor levels and epilepsy, since locally increasing GDNF levels in the temporal lobe can suppress epileptic activity (Kanter-Schlifke et al., 2007; Nanobashvili et al., 2019; Paolone et al., 2019).