SERPINE2 and breast carcinoma: As early as 2003, it was discovered that the overexpression of Serpine2 altered intra-tumor Extracellular Matrix (ECM) production and enhanced the invasive potential of pancreatic cancer cells in xenograft models using nude mice (37); whereas, in other tumors, Serpine2 has been shown to promote lung cancer (38), hepatocellular carcinoma (39), breast cancer (40), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (41), melanoma (42), prostate cancer (43), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (44) progression or metastasis.