Collectively, these findings suggest that, while TRAS alone exerts a beneficial effect by reducing CD274 expression, HV-HP infection counteracts this immune-related effect by upregulating CD274 and PDCD1LG2. At the same time, HV-HP appears to enhance the anti-EMT activity of TRAS by down regulated CTNNB1 and SNAI, thereby promoting a more epithelial-like transcriptional profile, as reflected by the increased CDH1/SNAI1 ratio. Here, PDCD1LG2 is linked to infection.