For instance, Ganoderma-derived exosome-like nanovesicles have been found to enrich Fe2+, promote the Fenton reaction, upregulate ALOX15, inhibit GPX4 activity, and enhance lipid peroxidation, thereby disrupting the antioxidant defense system and inducing ferroptotic cell death in HCC cells (Chu et al., 2024). Here, GPX4 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.