Moreover, both proinflammatory (e.g., M0 macrophages, neutrophils and memory B cells) and immuno-modulating (e.g., CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, naïve B cells, monocytes, plasma cells, and activated mast cells) leukocyte populations abundantly reside into PDAC TME, with the latter being more abundant in tumor samples from patients with worse prognosis (14). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.