Comparison between the NAFLD + DMSO group and the AMPK-IN-3 group revealed that AMPK-IN-3 further decreased p-AMPKα1 and p-ACC levels and upregulated SREBP1 expression, indicating suppression of AMPK activity under NAFLD conditions (Fig. 5B). Here, PRKAA1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.