In terms of inflammatory markers, in comparison with the normal group, mice in the NAFLD group exhibited enhanced serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6, while rhein intervention decreased the levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines, with a more significant effect in the high-dose group, implying its inhibitory effect on liver inflammation (Fig. 2B). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.