DCN and CXCL12 were overexpressed by our chemo/CRT remodelled CAFs (CAFs 3 and 4) (Fig. 3b), CAF populations like these were found to be expanded in NAC (neo-adjuvant chemotherapy) responsive rectal cancers and are known to activate anti-cancer immunity and suppress tumour progression [42]. The gene discussed is CXCL12; the disease is cancer.