They observed that specific-pathogen-free NOD mice lacking the MYD88 gene (MYD88−/−) did not develop type 1 diabetes mellitus, in contrast to their MYD88+/− counterparts.439 Conversely, germ-free NOD-MYD88−/− mice developed diabetes, but this was attenuated upon colonization with a defined microbial population, known as the altered Schaedler flora. Here, MYD88 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.