Other cytokines, such as interleukin-1, −6, and −18 (IL-1, IL-6, IL-18), ICAM-1, vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1), adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, PPAR-δ), E-selectin, leptin, endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule (ESAM), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), are considered primary regulators of inflammation in DKD. Here, VCAM1 is linked to diabetic kidney disease.