HAVCR1 and infection: Furthermore, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM) family proteins, specifically hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4 (TIMD4), also participate in the infection process by binding to phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on the viral envelope [28,33].