Similarly, in AS, an elevated serum level of C3 predicts myocardial infarction (MI), especially in men [27], more extensive arterial calcification in middle-aged women [28], a more atherogenic plasma lipoprotein profile [29], larger carotid intima media thickness and the presence of carotid AS in rheumatoid arthritis [30], more severe renal arteriosclerosis [31], and coronary heart disease in heavy smokers [32]. This evidence concerns the gene C3 and myocardial infarction.