TNF and gestational diabetes: However, GDM lead to elevated protein and/or mRNA markers of mitochondrial biogenesis (Tfam), mitophagy (BNIP3, Bnip3, Sqstm1, Pink1), lipid handling (Mttp), inflammation (Il-1β, Tnf-α, Tgf-β) and antioxidant defense (Gxp1, Nfe2l2, Sod2) (P<0.05).