In this study, urinary androgenic steroids, such as epiandrosterone glucuronide, etiocholanolone glucuronide, androsterone sulfate, and dehydroandrosterone glucuronide, were significantly correlated with serum PSA level (Figure 4), and also exhibited distinctive potential to differentiate BPH from PCa (Supplementary Table S1). Here, KLK3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.