Consequently, the remaining five genes were designated as the hub GSERK members: GADD45A, DUSP1, IL1B, JUN, and GADD45B. Color-coded network diagrams for each algorithm (Figures 5C–I) consistently highlighted these five genes as central nodes, underscoring their potential significance in modulating ERK-related signaling cascades implicated in ischemic stroke pathogenesis. Here, GADD45B is linked to ischemic stroke.