CD274 and neoplasm: For instance, tumor cells could induce T-cell anergy following vaccination with upregulating immune checkpoints and triggering the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/PD-1 pathway, in which a combination of nanovaccine with immune checkpoint inhibitors blocks the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway, leading to a decline in immune evasion and boost in immune responses.