IFNG and neoplasm: The noncovalent binding between Pep-1 and E7 formed stable NPs induced higher levels of Th1 cellular immune response with the chief IFN-γ and IgG2a levels compared with E7 protein in a murine tumor model.56 To use the ability of peptides for constructing NPs, Zhao et aldesigned a therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine on E7- and L2-specific epitopes inserted on the surface of hyper-stable thioredoxin (Trx) scaffold and then converted into an NP using a heptamerization-promoting module (OVX313).