CSF2 and neoplasm: The combination of nanovaccine with PD-1 checkpoint blockade exhibited superior anti-tumor activities.88 In another study, Tang et al used the cell-penetrating peptide HIV-1 Tat49-57 in fusion with HPV16 E749-57 epitope and the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) DNA to construct a self-assembled NP for evaluating its therapeutic efficacy.