PTEN and cancer: Loss of PTEN activity results in persistent activation of PI3K/AKT signaling, leading to abnormal cell growth, survival, and proliferation.26 Research has increasingly focused on the PTEN gene and its downstream signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT, to evaluate the effectiveness of gene therapy in treating cancers like prostate cancer,21 CRC,14 hepatocellular carcinoma19 andAcute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.27 Mutations in genes like p53 and PTEN have been identified as high-penetrance susceptibility factors and hold significant clinical importance in assessing cancer risk.