TNF and asthma: After RV virus infection, epithelial cells of asthmatic patients can increase the production of various type 1 cytokines, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, Interferon (IFN) -γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, as well as type 2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, thereby inducing the exacerbation of asthma (Thomas et al., 2009; Muehling et al., 2020).