ACE and diabetes mellitus: The multivariate regression analysis included BCAAs, BCKAs, age, gender, diabetes mellitus (DM) duration, HTN, SBP, DBP, smoking status, drinking status, FPG, HbA1c, HDL-C, BMI, and current medication use (including insulin, metformin, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (AGI), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP4i), sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), statin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker (ACER/ARB)) as independent variables (tolerance: 0.501~0.922; VIF: 1.084~1.995).