2019; Hasel et al. 2021). Following brain injury or infection, astrocyte reactivity has been traditionally defined based on increased intensity of GFAP staining by immunohistochemistry. Despite widespread upregulation of GFAP during Toxoplasma gondii infection, astrocytes do not respond homogeneously, similar to the heterogeneity that exists prior to infection. This evidence concerns the gene GFAP and infection.