TNF and Insulin resistance: This study aimed to assess the effects on obesity indicators (weight gain, lipid profiles, fat deposition), prediabetes markers (fasting glucose, insulin, oral glucose tolerance test, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)), intestinal health (FITC-dextran assay for enterocyte injury, serum cytokines TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-6), and liver health (enzymes, weight, histology, carbohydrate and fat components, and oxidative stress).