For example, a retrospective analysis of the PANTHER trial, INSPIRE trial, and University of Chicago IPF cohorts found that NAC treatment was beneficial in IPF patients carrying the TOLLIP rs3750920 TT genotype and potentially harmful in those with the rs3750920 CC genotype.243Third, comorbidities need to be a focus of future research, as there is a clear interplay between IPF and comorbidities like GERD, PH, and obstructive sleep apnea. This evidence concerns the gene TOLLIP and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.